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Unit Four

Notes to the Class-First Day

-by Katharine Treadway, M.D.

Part one: Introduction

1.Forewords

How to be a doctor, how to be a good doctor, how to be a nobledoctor? Maybe we have clear idea of it. In this text, the author tries to tellus what really counts besides the knowledge of medicine in the practice for adoctor.

2.Main contents

In the presenttext, the author, through a moving story, gives us a vivid description of amedical case, which has some significance for us. When the author was athird-year medical student dong his pediatric rotation, he and his internstopped at the door of a patient who was not on their service. His interninsisted to walk into the ward, in which they saw a seven-year-old girl lyingon a bed, with his heartbroken mother companying her. Everything possible hadbeen done, and the girl was dying now. His intern walked over, and put his armsaround the girl’s mother, and they stood, silently, holding each other. Thatnight the author learned an meaningful lesson, that is there was one more thing to do — to go into that roomand offer whatever comfort his care and concern could bring, to bear witness tothe pain of that family. In the end, it was as important as anything else thathad been done for that child.

Parttwo: new words

1.build on

(1)加建；扩建

This part of the hospital was built onlater.

医院的这部分是后来扩建的。

(2)根据；依赖

His argument is built on facts.

他的论点是以事实为根据的

2.refine

v.tr.（及物动词)

(1)To reduce to a pure state; purify.

提炼：提炼至纯的状态；净化

(2)To remove by purifying.

提纯移走，提纯去掉

(3)To free from coarse, unsuitable, orimmoral characteristics:

使高雅：使…去掉粗鲁、不合时宜或不道德的特点：

refined his manners; refined her speakingstyle.

使举止高雅；使她说话风格高雅

v.intr.（不及物动词)

(1)To become free of impurities.

被提纯

(2)To acquire polish or elegance.

变得优雅精美

(3)To use precise distinctions and subtletyin thought or speech.

提炼：在思想或言语中使用精确区别和细微之处

3.threshold   n.（名词)

(1)A piece of wood or stone placed beneatha door; a doorsill.

门槛：在门下放置的一段木条或石条；门槛

(2)An entrance or a doorway.

入口，门口

(3)The place or point of beginning; theoutset.

起点：开始的地方或地点；开端

(4)A point separating conditions that willproduce a given effect from conditions of a higher or lower degree that willnot produce the effect, as the intensity below which a stimulus is ofsufficient strength to produce sensation or elicit a response:

上限，下限，阀值：一个正好能产生特定效应的界限，比其高或低均不能产生任何效应。如低于足够产生感觉或反应的刺激强度：

a low threshold of pain.

一碰就痛

4.hang on

(1)To cling tightly to something.

纠缠：紧紧握住某物

(2) 靠着, 渴望, 有赖于

(3)To continue persistently; persevere.

坚持：坚持不放弃；坚持不懈

(4)To keep a telephone connection open.

打电话时不挂断

(5)To wait for a short period of time.

稍待：等待一会儿时间

5.wither   vt., vi.

(1)（使)枯萎；凋谢

The flowers withered in the cold.

花在寒冷的天气里凋谢了。

(2)使…哑口无言

She withered him with a look.

她的一瞥使他无言以对。

6.settle down

(1)To begin living a stable and orderlylife:

安顿下来：过稳定有序的生活：

He settled down as a farmer with a family.

他与一家人安顿下来务农

(2)To become less nervous or restless.

平静：变得不紧张或安静

7.bouts of

bout: n.

一回, 一场, 回合, 较量

vt.

来回耕

8.bear witness to 作证

9.endeavor

n.（名词)

(1)A conscientious or concerted efforttoward an end; an earnest attempt.

努力，尽力：为达到目标而所做的尽职的、一致的努力；热切的尝试

(2)Purposeful or industrious activity; enterprise.See Synonyms at effort

企图，进取心：有目的的、勤勉刻苦的行动；进取心参见 effort

v.tr.（及物动词)

To attempt (fulfillment of a responsibilityor an obligation, for example) by employment or expenditure of effort:

奋力，努力：通过运用或消耗努力而试图（例如履行一项职责或一份义务)：

endeavored to improve the quality of lifein the inner city.

努力改善城市内的生活品质

v.intr.（不及物动词)

To work with a set or specified goal orpurpose.

企图，谋求：带有确定目标或指定目的而工作

Part Three: Structure Analysis

The text can bedivided into three parts:

1. The firstpart is the first paragraph, in which the author says she will set a new coursefor the students.

2. The secondpart consists of paragraphs 2-6. This part the difference between “patient-doctor1” and “Patient-Doctor 2” in students’ mind isillustrated. The author tells what change students will take after enteringmedicine university, and how the author wants to prevent them from taking suchchanges.

3. The last partis made up of paragraph 7,8,9,10,11 and 12. This part is the essential of thetext, in which the author uses a moving story as his first inoculation forstudents in this course. Form the story, the author wants to tell us that in practiceof medicine, the person a doctor is as important as what a doctor knows.Medical care and personal care for a doctor is of the same importance.

Part Four: Language Points

Ⅰ. 宾语补足语

（1)  英语中有些及物动词，除有一个宾语外，还要有一个宾语补足语才能使句子的意思完整。这类动词主要包括：make, consider, believe, cause, feel, hear, listen to, see, find,have, let, call等。其句型为：及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。

（2)  名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、从句可作宾语补足语。例如：

We all called him “monkey”.（宾补为名词)

We believed him honest.（宾补为形容词)

I saw him out with his father.（宾补为副词)

We found everything in the lab in goodorder.（宾补为介词短语)

I don’t force him to do anything he dislikes.（宾补为不定式)

Nobody noticed him enter the room.（宾补为不带to的不定式)

I saw him crossing the road by himself.（宾www.med126.com/yaoshi/补为现在分词)

When we arrived there, we saw the workdone.（宾补为过去分词)

The plant has its own name. You can’t call it what you will.（宾补为从句)

（3)  在主动语态中，以下几类动词后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补：

感官动词feel/hear/ listen to/ see/ look at/ watch/ notice/ observe; 使役动词have/ let/ make;

help后的不定式可带to, 也可不带to。例如：

He noticed a man enter the room.

(= A man was noticed to enter the room.)

I saw the children cross the road.

(= The children were seen to cross theroad.)

The boss made the children work then hoursa day.

(= The children were made to work ten hoursa day.)

（4)  一些感官动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补和接现在分词作宾补的区别：

不带to的不定式作宾补表示动作已经完成；现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行。例如：

I observed a stranger enter the house.

我注意到一个陌生人进了那所房子。（动作已完成)

I observed a stranger entering the house.

我注意到一个陌生人正在走进那所房子。（动作正在进行)

I heard her sing a song in the next room.

我听到她在隔壁唱歌了。（动作已完成)

I heard her singing a song in the nextroom.

我听到她正在隔壁唱歌。（动作正在进行)

（5)  宾补还可用于形式宾语it之后。例如：

They thought it right to do this test.（right为宾补)

We all think it our duty that we shouldsupport him.（our duty为宾补)

We find it necessary to master a foreignlanguage.（necessary为宾补)

（6)  含不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾补的句子转换成被动语态后，原来的宾补即为主补。例如：

His father made him do a lot of houseworkafter school.

= He was made to do a lot of houseworkafter school by his father.

I heard him singing an English song in theclassroom.

= He was heard singing an English song inthe classroom.

The boy saw the dog tied to the tree.

= The dog was seen tied to the tree by theboy.

Practice:

1. Wefound the street much _______.

A. crowd  B.crowding   C.crowdedD. crowdedly

2. Itis clear that the thief was seen ______ into the room that night.

A. went  B.go C. going  D. to go

3. Theywoke up ______ everything around _______.

A. found; changed  B. finding; changing

C. to; changing  D. to find; changed

4. I’llget my secretary _______ the letter.

A. copy  B. to copy C.copiesD. copied

5. Idon’t think physics _______.

A. easy to be learnedB. easily to learn

C. easy to learn D. easily to be learnt

Ⅱ Medicalterms

(1)History-taking and interviewingskills 病历书写和接疹技能

(2)vaccine: 疫苗的，疫苗

(3)diagnosis: 诊断

(4)do one’s pediatric rotation：儿科轮转

(5)chemotherapy：化学疗法

Ⅲ Vocabulary

(1) Here,they will refine their history-taking skills, building on their knowledge of pathophysiologyand disease; they will learn how to perform a physical examination; and theywill touch a living stranger"s body as clinicians for the first time.

(2) Prehistoric skulls found inEurope and South America indicate that Neolithic man was already able to trephine,or remove disks of bone from the skull successfully but whether this delicate operation was performed to release evilspirits or as a surgical procedure is not known.

(3) In Greek medicine the impetus for the rational approach came largelyfrom the speculations of the pre-Socratic philosophers and suchphilosopher-scientists as Pythagoras, Democritus, and Empedocles.

(4) Unfortunately, his prolific researches on anatomy and physiologywere not invariably accurate, and reliance on them impeded subsequent progressin anatomy.

(5) With the destruction or neglectof the Roman sanitary facilities, there followed a series of local epidemicsthat culminated many centuries later inthe great plague of the 14th cent, known as the Black Death.

Part Four: Summary

The text reallypresents us a magnificent picture of medical development, in which the authorbegins his telling from the ancient times and ends with modern medicine,crossing a span of thousands of years. Ancient times saw a history of medicineemerging. As something else, medicine developed gradually and the first reallight in modern medicine in Europe came. The Birth of Modern Medicine was in the 19^thcentury. Modern medicine is marked by the use of sulfanilamide, penicillin andthe finding of DNA. Further progress has been characterized by the rise ofchemotherapy ; increased understanding of the mechanisms of the immune systemand the increased prophylactic use of vaccination ; utilization of knowledge ofthe endocrine system to treat diseases resulting from hormone imbalance. Peopleare now directed toward such problems as cancer, heart disease, AIDS, and atthe same time the educational requirements of the medical profession haveincreased.